Absence of leptin makes the body think it does not have any fat whatsoever and this results in uncontrolled food intake and severe childhood obesity. In addition, leptin deficiency may cause delayed puberty and poor function of the immune system. This condition can be well treated by leptin injections, which cause dramatic weight loss.
About Contact Events News. Search Search. You and Your Hormones. Students Teachers Patients Browse. Human body. Home Hormones Leptin. Leptin Leptin is a hormone secreted from fat cells that helps to regulate body weight. Psychol Rev — Nature —2. Hetherington AW RS. J Comp Neurol Brobeck JR. Physiol Rev — Proc Soc Exp Biol Med —4. Ahima RS. J Clin Invest —3. Front Endocrinol Li MD. Yale J Biol Med —7.
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Russ J Cardiol — Psychoneuroendocrinology —7. Mantzoros CS. Ann Intern Med — J Endocrinol — Mark AL. So due to signal disruption or mutations in the leptin receptor, mice become obese www. A study involves comparison of obese and lean individuals with respect to leptin level. Experiments included 25 obese and 25 severely lean individuals.
Sequence of leptin gene was analyzed by using SSCP, heteroduplex analysis and automated Sanger sequencing. Result suggested that in Pakistani population leptin gene may not be a major cause for obesity and leanness. Until know six mutations have been reported and these mutations are listed below in Table 1.
Some diseases are associated with obesity such as certain types of cancers, type II diabetes , heart diseases, obstructive sleep apnea and osteoarthritis [ 19 ]. Some factors by which obesity is commonly caused include excessive food intake, less physical activity and abnormalities in genetics as well [ 20 , 21 ]. Leptin therapy reversed endocrine as well as metabolic alterations associated with leptin deficiency [ 22 ].
Leptin deficiency was related with less numbers of T cells, CD4 and defective T cell proliferation. These reductions were reversed by leptin therapy [ 23 ].
Leptin replacement therapy at physiological concentrations after removal of high-dosage leptin not worked properly weight regain and hyperphagia was due to deficiency of leptin [ 24 ]. Leptin replacement therapy will be very useful for the patients of congenital leptin deficiency. Leptin has also been used for the treatment of other forms of energy loss e. It was found that immune function changed during leptin replacement.
Congenital leptin deficiency was evaluated in a 5 year old boy. Boy was evaluated before two weeks and after six weeks of leptin therapy. After that treatment, humoral and cellular immunity was detected by measuring levels of immunoglobulins and by the analysis of lymphocyte in response to mitogens, respectively [ 26 ]. Scientists reported that obesity and overweight may be associated with cognitive problems. Both obesity and overweight may share "neuroendocrinobiological roots" in common cerebral areas.
In this study scientist collected samples from school children. Age ranges of all the samples were 6 to 13 years. Intellectual level and specific cognitive profile was done with the help of different experiments. According to regression analysis BMI is the only variable that is significantly related to intellectual level.
So, to check out intellectual level in obese and overweight children a routine neurocognitive assessment is recommended [ 27 , 28 ]. Nature Nature — Ozata M, Ozdemir IC, Licinio J Human leptin deficiency caused by a missense mutation: multiple endocrine defects, decreased sympathetic tone, and immune system dysfunction indicate new targets for leptin action, greater central than peripheral resistance to the effects of leptin, and spontaneous correction of leptin-mediated defects.
Clin Endocrinol Metab — Cell Obes Res 9: Biochem J The confirmatory study was unfortunately discontinued due to the identification of apparent neutralizing antibodies. The opportunity to impact other common metabolic disorders associated with obesity, specifically T2D, severe insulin resistance, NASH, and perhaps polycystic ovary syndrome as well as possibly T1D Wang et al.
Given leptin's pleotropic activities, careful experimental design will need to separate the weight loss-requiring and weight loss-independent actions of leptin to better aim the therapy at disease states that would be responsive.
With the identification of leptin's effect in severe insulin-resistant normal-weight humans Cochran et al. Notably, much of what we have learned about the activity of leptin in humans, as well as the data supporting the initial approval of recombinant leptin were developed by a critical set of investigator-initiated clinical trials, both completed and ongoing.
Fewer trials have evaluated patients with partial lipodystrophy, both non-HIV associated Simha et al. The next steps for leptin will likely be in the hands of the broader scientific and clinical investigative community to further define its biology and clinical applications. The author declares that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of this review.
This review did not receive any specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sector. Mammalian Genome 4 — IDrugs: the Investigational Drugs Journal 4 41 — Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders 5 — Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 90 — Journal of Clinical Investigation — Journal of Investigative Medicine 57 — Drugs 73 — Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 89 — Coleman DL Effects of parabiosis of obese with diabetes and normal mice.
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