If the nuclear forces are so weak for two particles only nanometers apart, it should be obvious that the nuclear forces are even more negligible on astronomical scales. For instance, the earth and sun are far too distant from each other billions of meters for their nuclear forces to reach each other.
If both electromagnetism and gravity have effectively infinite range, why is the earth held in orbit around the sun by gravity and not by the electromagnetic force? The reason is that there is no such thing as negative mass, but there is such thing as negative electric charge. If you place a single positive electric charge near a single negative electric charge, and then measure their combined force on another, distant charge, you find that the negative charge tends to cancel out the positive charge somewhat.
Such an object is called an electric dipole. Similarly, if you take two positive electric charges and two negative charges and place them close together properly, you have created an electric quadrupole. As you add more and more positive charges to an equal number of negative charges, the range of the electromagnetic force of the system gets shorter and shorter.
The interesting thing is that most objects are made out of atoms, and most atoms have an equal number of positive and negative electric charges. Therefore, despite the fact that the raw electromagnetic force of a single charge has an infinite range, the effective range of the electromagnetic force for typical objects such as stars and planets is much shorter. The electromagnetic force causes electric and magnetic effects such as the repulsion between like electrical charges or the interaction of bar magnets.
It is long-ranged but much weaker than the strong force. It can be attractive or repulsive and acts only between pieces of matter carrying an electrical charge. Electricity, magnetism, and light are all produced by this force.
The strong interaction is very strong but very short-ranged. It is responsible for holding the nuclei of atoms together. It is basically attractive but can be effectively repulsive in some circumstances. Thus, the quarks inside of the protons and neutrons are bound together by the exchange of the strong nuclear force. Note: While they are close together the quarks experience little force, but as they separate the force between them grows rapidly, pulling them back together.
To separate two quarks completely would require far more energy than any possible particle accelerator could provide. There is speculation, that In the very early Universe when temperatures were very high the Planck Scale all four forces were unified into a single force.
Then, as the temperature dropped, gravitation separated first and then the other 3 forces separated. Even then, the weak, electromagnetic, and strong forces were unified into a single force. When the temperature dropped these forces got separated from each other, with the strong force separating first and then at a still lower temperature the electromagnetic and weak forces separating to leave us with the 4 distinct forces that we see in our present Universe.
The process of the forces separating from each other is called spontaneous symmetry breaking. The force-carrying photons that swap between charged particles, however, are a different manifestation of photons.
They are virtual and undetectable, even though they are technically the same particles as the real and detectable version, according to the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. The electromagnetic force is responsible for some of the most commonly experienced phenomena: friction, elasticity, the normal force and the force holding solids together in a given shape.
It's even responsible for the drag that birds, planes and even Superman experience while flying. These actions can occur because of charged or neutralized particles interacting with one another. The normal force that keeps a book on top of a table instead of gravity pulling the book through to the ground , for example, is a consequence of electrons in the table's atoms repelling electrons in the book's atoms.
The strong nuclear force , also called the strong nuclear interaction, is the strongest of the four fundamental forces of nature. And that's because it binds the fundamental particles of matter together to form larger particles. It holds together the quarks that make up protons and neutrons, and part of the strong force also keeps the protons and neutrons of an atom's nucleus together.
Much like the weak force, the strong force operates only when subatomic particles are extremely close to one another. The strong force is odd, though, because unlike any of the other fundamental forces, it gets weaker as subatomic particles move closer together.
It actually reaches maximum strength when the particles are farthest away from each other, according to Fermilab. Once within range, massless charged bosons called gluons transmit the strong force between quarks and keep them "glued" together. A tiny fraction of the strong force called the residual strong force acts between protons and neutrons. Protons in the nucleus repel one another because of their similar charge, but the residual strong force can overcome this repulsion, so the particles stay bound in an atom's nucleus.
The outstanding question of the four fundamental forces is whether they're actually manifestations of just a single great force of the universe. If so, each of them should be able to merge with the others, and there's already evidence that they can.
Physicists Sheldon Glashow and Steven Weinberg from Harvard University with Abdus Salam from Imperial College London won the Nobel Prize in Physics in for unifying the electromagnetic force with the weak force to form the concept of the electroweak force. Gravity: The attraction force between two objects that have mass or energy is called Gravity. The weak nuclear force: The force that is responsible for particle decay is known as the weak nuclear force.
This force shows the change of one type of subatomic particle into another Electromagnetic force: The force that acts between charged particles. Opposite charges attract each other, while the same charges repel each other. The strong nuclear force: This force binds the fundamental particles of matter together to form larger particles. It holds together the quarks that makeup protons and neutrons, and part of the strong force also keeps the protons and neutrons of an atom's nucleus together.
This force is the strongest of the four fundamental forces of nature. Explanation: Gravitational Force is the weakest of all the four fundamental forces but has infinite range.
It is always attractive in nature. Important Points A neutrino that stays close to a neutron can turn the neutron into a proton while the neutrino becomes an electron. This is because of the Weak Nuclear Force. The weak nuclear force is responsible for radioactive decay and neutrino interactions. The electromagnetic force causes electric and magnetic effects and is a longed range in nature.
The strong nuclear force is the strongest force among all other forces but it is very short-ranged.
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