Positive reinforcement is when something is added to increase the likelihood of a behavior. Negative reinforcement is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior. Positive reinforcement involves adding desirable stimuli to increase the likelihood of a behavior. Negative reinforcement is when an undesirable stimulus is removed to increase a behavior. For example, your seatbelt system beeps every time you start your car and keeps beeping until you fasten your seatbelt.
When you fasten your seatbelt, the annoying beeping goes away undesirable stimulus removed , making it more likely that you will perform the desirable behavior fastening your seatbelt every time you start the car. Although the two are sometimes confused, negative reinforcement and punishment are not the same thing.
Remember, the goal of any kind of reinforcement is to increase the likelihood of a certain behavior. The goal of punishment, on the other hand, is to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.
Like reinforcement, punishment can also be positive adding something to decrease the likelihood of a behavior or negative removing something to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.
An example of a positive punishment is when your son has been swearing and you make him do an extra chore adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of that happening again.
An example of a negative punishment is if your toddler has been hitting his friend with a toy truck, and you take away the toy truck removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of hitting happening again.
As with reinforcers, there are primary and secondary punishers. They have been occurring since the beginning of time and aid the survival of the species.
Even though primary reinforcers are natural, factors like experience and genetics also play a role in reinforcing such things. For instance, a person might prefer a certain type of food extra rewarding, while the choice might be completely different for another individual.
Example 1 : The rat in the Skinner box rewarded with food when it managed to press the lever. It has been seen that primary reinforcers are more effective than secondary reinforcers conditioned reinforcers when it comes to results. Modified: Primary reinforcers are biological. Food, drink, and pleasure are the principal examples of primary reinforcers. But, most human reinforcers are secondary, or conditioned. Examples include money, grades in schools, and tokens. Secondary reinforcers acquire their power via a history of association with primary reinforcers or other secondary reinforcers.
For example, if I told you that dollars were no longer going to be used as money, then dollars would lose their power as a secondary reinforcer. Here's an example of how a secondary reinforcer is established.
Let's train a dog to sit. First we would introduce the discriminative stimulus, the word "sit.
0コメント